PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON THE EFFECT OF HIGH BRIDE PRICE ON MALE YOUTH INTEREST IN MARRIAGE IN AKWAIBOM STATE

1.1 Background to the Study Marriage, as both a social institution and cultural practice, is deeply embedded in the fabric of African societies, often governed by customs that date back generations. Among these customs, the payment of bride price stands out as a critical and symbolic process that not only legitimizes marriage but also reinforces kinship ties and family honor. In many parts of Nigeria, particularly in Akwa Ibom State, bride price practices are intricately linked to traditional rites and identity. However, the evolving economic climate and shifts in youth perceptions toward marriage have ignited debates over the financial burdens associated with bride price, especially its implications on male youth readiness to marry. Globally, sociologists have studied how economic demands surrounding marital institutions influence demographic patterns. For instance, Bourdieu (1998) identified how marriage negotiations reflect social and symbolic capital exchanges, where families assert status and control through material requirements. In the Nigerian context, particularly among ethnic groups like the Ibibio and Annang of Akwa Ibom State, bride price has evolved from modest traditional tokens into financially demanding lists, including household items, livestock, cash payments, and clothing. This shift has raised concerns over whether cultural values are being commodified at the expense of social cohesion and marital stability. With the increasing cost of living and high rates of youth unemployment, many young men face growing obstacles to fulfilling these cultural expectations. This dilemma not only delays marital decisions but also alters the nature of romantic relationships among young people. Studies such as those by Nwokocha (2020) and Olutayo & Akanle (2018) point to a growing reluctance among young Nigerian men to engage in formal marriage due to prohibitive cultural and economic barriers. In Akwa Ibom State, these patterns are reflected in anecdotal accounts and emerging statistical trends showing delayed marriages and increased cohabitation among urban youth. Moreover, modernization and exposure to alternative value systems through education, migration, and media have led to a critical reassessment of the bride price tradition. While elders and custodians of culture argue that high bride price reinforces the value of women and secures commitment from the groom, critics contend that it commodifies women and places undue stress on young men. According to Ekanem and Inyang (2021), high bride price contributes to marital instability, particularly when the groom feels economically exploited or indebted from the onset. The socio-cultural expectations tied to bride price also intersect with gender dynamics. Women are often viewed through the lens of economic exchange, which affects how their roles are perceived within the family and community. This dynamic may have long-term implications for gender equality, agency, and marital satisfaction. Furthermore, as highlighted by Uchenna (2022), these practices can undermine young men’s self-esteem, aspirations, and sense of economic readiness, leading to emotional and psychological distress. In light of the above, it becomes imperative to examine public perceptions regarding the role of high bride price in influencing male youth interest in marriage. Understanding these perceptions, especially within the local context of Akwa Ibom State, is crucial for policy interventions aimed at balancing cultural preservation with social inclusivity and economic realities. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The persistence of high bride price demands in Akwa Ibom State has sparked widespread concern, particularly among male youth who are expected to bear the financial burden. Many young men, especially those in low-income or unemployed categories, are either postponing marriage indefinitely or opting for informal unions. This trend has implications for social structure, family formation, and the transmission of cultural values. The practice, while rooted in tradition, may be inadvertently discouraging lawful marriage and promoting cohabitation without customary recognition. Existing studies have largely examined bride price from the perspectives of women’s rights, cultural heritage, and marital power dynamics (Edewor, 2019; Ajayi, 2020). However, there remains a significant gap in understanding how the cost of bride price affects male youths' attitudes toward marriage and their willingness to engage with traditional marriage procedures. This gap is particularly pressing in Akwa Ibom State, where traditional norms are deeply entrenched but economic realities have shifted dramatically. If left unaddressed, this disconnect between cultural expectation and socio-economic capability could exacerbate youth disillusionment, undermine the institution of marriage, and fuel intergenerational tensions. Against this backdrop, the present study seeks to investigate public perception of the role of high bride price in shaping male youth interest in marriage, with a view to informing cultural dialogue and policy reform. 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1. To examine public perceptions of bride price practices in Akwa Ibom State. 2. To assess how high bride price influences male youth interest in marriage. 3. To explore the socio-economic consequences of bride price on young men’s marital decisions. 4. To identify culturally sensitive strategies to reform bride price practices without undermining tradition. 1.4 Research Questions 1. What are the prevailing public perceptions regarding bride price in Akwa Ibom State? 2. How does the high cost of bride price influence male youth interest in marriage? 3. What are the socio-economic challenges faced by male youths due to bride price demands? 4. What alternative models or reforms are perceived as culturally acceptable by the public? 1.5 Research Hypotheses H01: There is no significant relationship between high bride price and male youth interest in marriage. H02: Socio-economic status does not significantly affect public perception of the impact of bride price. 1.6 Significance of the Study This study contributes to the growing discourse on marriage, culture, and youth development in Nigeria. For researchers and scholars, it provides a nuanced understanding of how cultural traditions interact with contemporary social challenges. The findings will enrich sociological and anthropological literature on marriage customs and youth behaviour. For policymakers and community leaders, the research highlights actionable insights that can inform culturally sensitive reforms. These may include community dialogues, engagement with traditional institutions, and educational programs aimed at promoting equitable marital practices that do not disproportionately disadvantage youth. On a broader societal level, the study fosters awareness and dialogue around the socio-economic pressures faced by male youth, promoting more inclusive narratives that consider both tradition and modernity. Ultimately, it aims to balance cultural preservation with sustainable youth engagement in marriage. 1.7 Scope of the Study This study is geographically confined to Akwa Ibom State, focusing primarily on select urban and rural communities where bride price practices are still prevalent. The population comprises adult men and women, including youth, parents, traditional leaders, and marriage stakeholders. In terms of variables, the study investigates the independent variable (bride price) and its perceived influence on the dependent variable (male youth interest in marriage). Other contextual variables such as socio-economic status, education level, and cultural background are considered as moderators. 1.8 Operational Definition of Terms Bride Price: The traditional payment made by a groom or his family to the bride's family as a condition for marriage, often including cash, goods, or services. Male Youth Interest in Marriage: The willingness or inclination of young men, typically aged 18–35, to enter into marital unions under customary or formal settings. Public Perception: The collective attitudes, beliefs, and opinions held by community members regarding bride price and its effects. Socio-Economic Status: An individual or group's economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation, which may influence marriage decisions.