AN INVESTIGATION OF WOMEN INVOLVED IN CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES IN YENAGOA, BAYELSA STATE: A CASE STUDY OF OKAKA CORRECTIONAL CENTRE

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Throughout its historical development, Nigeria has experienced a significant escalation in both the frequency and complexity of criminal activities. This emerging trend has permeated every segment of society, involving individuals across all age groups and genders—including men, women, and children (Ahuja, 2016). Traditionally, communities developed approaches to address deviant behavior and maintain social norms. Prior to European colonization, women's roles were largely defined by societal expectations, often restricting them to domestic spheres. Additionally, communal living, along with internal and external control mechanisms—such as public shaming and ridicule—served to limit female involvement in criminal behavior (Ahuja, 2016). During the colonial era, the introduction of a cash-based economy and the concept of private ownership led more women to seek employment outside the household. This shift provided some women with opportunities to engage in illicit activities (Campbell, 2019). Following Nigeria’s independence—particularly during and after the Nigerian Civil War—there was a notable increase in the number of women involved in criminal acts. This trend has continued to evolve, with women not only assisting male offenders but sometimes taking on leading roles in criminal enterprises. They are no longer just hiding weapons for their male counterparts but are now directly handling and utilizing them (Flowers, 2015). This transformation appears to be linked to worsening economic conditions, societal pressures driven by materialism, and a widespread desire for rapid wealth acquisition. Given this background, the current study aims to investigate the phenomenon of female criminality in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, focusing specifically on the Okaka Correctional Centre. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Nigeria’s political evolution has been marked by frequent regime changes, often resulting in abrupt shifts in economic and social policies. These disruptions have typically had adverse effects on the general population and have exacerbated income inequality. The exploitation of oil resources and the mismanagement of the resulting revenue have contributed significantly to widespread poverty and changing perceptions about wealth and success (Simpson, 2020). In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in female participation in crime, often driven by socio-economic challenges such as poverty, unemployment, low literacy levels, domestic responsibilities, negative peer influences, and cultural discrimination. These issues often hinder women’s access to stable, well-paying employment opportunities. Despite the critical role women play in national development and societal socialization, their involvement in crime has profound implications for the nation's socio-economic well-being. Thus, this study seeks to explore female criminality in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, using the Okaka Correctional Centre as a case study. 1.3 Objectives of the Study The main objective of this research is to analyze the issue of female criminality in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, using the Okaka Correctional Centre as a focal point. The specific objectives include: i.To determine the prevalence of female criminality in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. ii.To identify the root causes of female criminality in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. iii.To examine the various forms of female criminality in the area. iv.To assess the implications of female criminality on the local community and broader society. Research Questions This study aims to provide answers to the following questions: i.What is the extent of female criminality in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State? ii.What are the underlying causes of female criminality in the area? iii.In what forms does female criminality manifest in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State? iv.What are the consequences of female criminality on the society of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State? 1.5 Research Hypotheses The study will test the following hypotheses: Ho₁: Female criminality is not widespread in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Ha₁: Female criminality is widespread in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Ho₂: Female criminality has no significant negative effects in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Ha₂: Female criminality has significant negative effects in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. 1.6 Significance of the Study This study holds relevance for various stakeholders. For government authorities, it will provide insight into the growing trend of female criminal involvement, the factors driving it, and its broader societal implications. For future researchers in the field of criminology, the study will offer a valuable foundation for further academic exploration. It will also contribute to discussions on reducing social deviance. Additionally, scholars and students alike will benefit from the findings as a supplementary resource. The general public, too, stands to gain from increased awareness and understanding of female criminality and its implications. 1.7 Scope of the Study The study is confined to investigating female criminality within Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. It aims to determine the prevalence, causes, forms, and consequences of such criminal behavior. The research is limited to the Okaka Correctional Centre as the primary case study site. 1.8 Limitations of the Study As with most research endeavors, this study encountered certain limitations. Financial constraints limited the researcher's ability to access a wide range of materials and conduct extensive fieldwork, including internet access, interviews, and questionnaire distribution. These constraints necessitated a modest sample size. Furthermore, the researcher had to balance this study with other academic obligations, which reduced the time available for comprehensive investigation. 1.9 Definition of Terms Female: Refers to the sex biologically characterized by the ability to bear offspring or produce eggs (ova), which can be fertilized by male gametes. Criminality: Describes behavior that violates established criminal laws and is legally defined as criminal conduct.