A STUDY ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS TO THE PROMOTION OF HPV VACCINATION IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is a key strategy for preventing cervical cancer, which remains one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among women globally (Ilevbare et al., 2021). For the vaccine to provide maximum protection, it should be administered during early adolescence—ideally before sexual activity begins. Therefore, most countries aim to introduce the HPV vaccine during this critical developmental period. Healthcare professionals play an essential role in advancing preventive health interventions such as immunization programs. Their ability to engage with patients, provide guidance, and advocate for vaccination significantly affects public perception and vaccine acceptance (Kuhlmann et al., 2018). Studies have shown that when healthcare providers actively recommend and explain the benefits of the HPV vaccine, the likelihood of individuals receiving it increases (Adeoye et al., 2019). However, in Nigeria, factors such as inadequate institutional backing, limited awareness, and a lack of training often hinder the participation of healthcare professionals in HPV vaccine advocacy (Bello & Okonkwo, 2022). These challenges highlight the importance of enhancing healthcare workers' capacity to promote HPV vaccination through targeted training and supportive policy reforms. In addition to systemic constraints, cultural and religious beliefs also significantly shape the acceptance of the HPV vaccine in Nigeria. Misconceptions about the virus and societal attitudes toward sexual health frequently act as barriers to vaccine adoption (Oladimeji et al., 2020). For instance, certain communities associate the vaccine with encouraging early sexual activity or consider it unnecessary. Healthcare providers can play a crucial role in correcting such misconceptions by delivering clear and accurate information. Evidence shows that when healthcare professionals possess comprehensive knowledge and demonstrate effective communication skills, they can effectively challenge myths and misinformation regarding the HPV vaccine (Ilevbare et al., 2021). Moreover, structural challenges present additional barriers. Many rural and underserved areas across Nigeria lack access to the HPV vaccine, and its distribution remains inconsistent in terms of availability and affordability (Okunade et al., 2020). This lack of access, combined with logistical difficulties, often discourages healthcare providers from promoting the vaccine in areas where it is unavailable. The absence of robust health policies mandating the HPV vaccine as a routine service further weakens outreach efforts. Research suggests that to enhance vaccine coverage, national policies should simplify the provision of HPV vaccines and embed vaccination advocacy within general healthcare delivery (Adeoye et al., 2019). Addressing these concerns requires a multifaceted approach that includes empowering healthcare providers, increasing vaccine availability, and developing supportive health policies. Training programs for healthcare professionals should focus on enhancing their understanding of HPV-related health risks, the benefits of vaccination, and effective patient communication methods. Such initiatives are vital for correcting cultural misconceptions, filling information gaps, and ultimately improving vaccine uptake in Nigerian communities (Kuhlmann et al., 2018). Consequently, this research seeks to explore the role of healthcare providers in advancing the promotion of HPV vaccination across Nigeria. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine serves as a significant preventative measure against diseases related to HPV, particularly cervical cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among Nigerian women (Okunade et al., 2020). Despite the availability of the HPV vaccine, its adoption remains low due to limited awareness and accessibility issues (Ilevbare et al., 2021). Healthcare providers have a critical role in fostering vaccine acceptance by educating patients, advocating for immunization, and administering the vaccine. However, this role is currently underutilized in Nigeria and is not systematically integrated into routine healthcare practices (Adeoye et al., 2019). The limited involvement of healthcare workers may be attributed to insufficient training, inadequate knowledge, and a lack of supportive healthcare policies (Bello & Okonkwo, 2022). This study is therefore aimed at examining the contributions of healthcare providers in promoting HPV vaccination within the Nigerian healthcare system. 1.3 Objective of the Study The general objective of this research is to investigate the role of healthcare providers in promoting HPV vaccination in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to: i. Evaluate the level of awareness among healthcare providers in Nigeria regarding the importance of HPV vaccination. ii. Examine the availability and accessibility of HPV vaccines within Nigerian healthcare facilities. iii. Investigate the impact of healthcare provider training on their capacity to effectively advocate for HPV vaccination. iv. Identify the challenges healthcare providers face when promoting HPV vaccination among eligible individuals in Nigeria. 1.4 Research Questions The study seeks to answer the following questions: i. What is the level of awareness among healthcare providers in Nigeria regarding the importance of HPV vaccination? ii. Are HPV vaccines readily available and accessible in Nigerian healthcare facilities? iii. How does healthcare provider training influence their ability to effectively promote HPV vaccination? iv. What barriers do healthcare providers encounter when advocating for HPV vaccination among eligible populations in Nigeria? 1.5 Significance of the Study The outcomes of this research could inform healthcare policy reforms that support the integration of HPV vaccine promotion into standard medical services, thereby improving vaccine availability and acceptance. The study offers practical recommendations to healthcare administrators and policymakers for addressing logistical and educational barriers to HPV vaccination. In the broader context, the research holds the potential to empower healthcare providers as central figures in increasing HPV vaccine uptake, ultimately contributing to the reduction of HPV-related health conditions across Nigeria. The study also holds academic value, as it will expand the current body of literature on this subject, enrich library resources, and serve as a valuable reference for future research endeavors. 1.6 Scope of the Study This study centers on examining the role of healthcare providers in promoting HPV vaccination in Nigeria. Empirically, the study will assess healthcare providers' awareness of the importance of HPV vaccination, evaluate the availability and accessibility of the vaccine within healthcare institutions, examine how training influences healthcare providers' ability to advocate for vaccination, and identify obstacles encountered by providers when promoting the vaccine. Geographically, the research will focus on General Hospital, Ado-Ekiti. 1.7 Limitation of the Study As with many academic investigations, this study encountered some limitations. One major challenge was time constraints, as the researcher had to balance academic obligations such as attending lectures with conducting the research. Financial limitations also posed difficulties, including expenses related to printing, typesetting, data collection, and sourcing relevant literature. Additionally, limited availability of materials made it difficult to gather extensive literature due to the specialized nature of the topic. 1.8 Definition of Terms Human Papillomavirus (HPV): A group of over 100 viruses, some of which are sexually transmitted and capable of causing cancer, especially cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine is used to prevent infections caused by high-risk HPV types. HPV Vaccination: A medical intervention aimed at preventing infection by specific HPV strains linked to cancer. In this study, it refers to immunization efforts to reduce HPV-related diseases. Healthcare Providers: Medical professionals such as doctors, nurses, and other clinical staff involved in patient care. For this study, they are considered key agents in advocating for HPV vaccination. Promotion: Activities undertaken by healthcare providers to educate, recommend, and support HPV vaccination among the population. Vaccine Uptake: The proportion of people who receive the HPV vaccine. The study emphasizes improving uptake through the involvement of healthcare providers. Barriers: Challenges that prevent healthcare professionals from effectively promoting HPV vaccination, which may include inadequate knowledge, cultural resistance, limited resources, or institutional constraints.