AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE OBSTACLES TO RECYCLING PRACTICES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF WASTE IN CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study The rapid increase in global waste production has become a pressing environmental issue, with millions of tonnes of garbage generated daily worldwide. According to a 2018 report by the World Bank, global waste is expected to increase by 70% by 2050, reaching over 3.4 billion tonnes annually. This surge in waste poses significant threats to public health and causes environmental damage such as soil and water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and loss of biodiversity (Geyer et al., 2017). In response to this growing challenge, recycling has emerged as a practical solution for waste management and promoting sustainability. Recycling involves collecting, processing, and transforming waste materials into new products, thereby reducing landfill use and conserving natural resources. This approach can significantly lower the environmental impact linked to waste disposal and resource depletion (López-Ridaura et al., 2020). However, despite its benefits, implementing effective recycling strategies faces several challenges. One major barrier is inadequate infrastructure, which prevents proper processing of recyclable materials in many urban areas, leading to high contamination rates due to poor sorting (Zhang et al., 2020). Contamination occurs when non-recyclable items mix with recyclables, resulting in lower-quality recycled products and increased processing costs. For example, McDonald et al. (2019) found that contamination rates in curbside recycling programs can reach as high as 25%, severely affecting the financial viability of these systems. Furthermore, public awareness and participation play a critical role in the success of recycling initiatives. Studies show that many people are either unaware of available recycling programs or lack understanding of which materials can be recycled (Miller et al., 2021). This knowledge gap often leads to low participation and higher contamination levels. Eilam et al. (2019) highlight the importance of educational campaigns to boost public engagement in recycling activities. Economic factors also influence recycling behaviors. The fluctuating market prices for recyclable commodities affect the economic sustainability of recycling programs, as many municipalities rely on revenue from selling recycled materials to fund collection and processing (Zhao et al., 2021). These price fluctuations can discourage investments in recycling infrastructure and reduce program effectiveness (Li et al., 2020). Additionally, regulatory frameworks impact recycling efforts. Conflicting regulations may confuse consumers and hinder the successful implementation of recycling policies (Huang et al., 2022). A lack of strong laws supporting recycling can result in missed opportunities for resource recovery and waste reduction (Ongondo et al., 2019). The challenges of recycling also vary greatly between different regions and communities. Urban areas face distinct issues compared to rural settings, influenced by factors such as population density, socioeconomic status, and availability of recycling facilities (Geng et al., 2019). Understanding these specific challenges is essential to develop tailored solutions that improve recycling rates and promote sustainable waste management. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the obstacles to recycling practices as a strategy for waste management in Cameroon. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Challenges surrounding recycling practices are increasingly recognized as major barriers to effective waste management. While recycling offers numerous benefits such as resource conservation, reduced landfill use, and environmental protection, many municipalities struggle to establish successful recycling programs. Key issues include inadequate infrastructure, low public awareness and participation, contamination of recyclables, and insufficient supportive legislation (Ongondo et al., 2019; Li et al., 2020). Recent studies reveal that recycling rates remain low in many urban areas due to limited facilities and poor dissemination of information about proper recycling methods (Huang et al., 2022). Moreover, economic factors like fluctuating commodity prices for recyclables threaten the financial sustainability of recycling efforts (Zhao et al., 2021). If these challenges remain unaddressed, communities risk worsening waste management problems, leading to increased pollution and environmental degradation. Thus, this study seeks to assess the challenges facing recycling practices as a waste management strategy in Cameroon. 1.3 Objectives of the Study The primary objective of this study is to assess the challenges associated with recycling practices as a method of waste management in Cameroon. Specifically, the study aims to: i. Evaluate the presence and adequacy of recycling infrastructure in Cameroon. ii. Assess the level of public awareness regarding recycling as a waste management approach in Cameroon. iii. Investigate the specific challenges encountered in implementing recycling practices as a waste management strategy in Cameroon. 1.4 Research Questions The study will be guided by the following questions: i. Is there an existing recycling infrastructure in Cameroon? ii. What is the level of public awareness about recycling practices as a waste management method in Cameroon? iii. What are the challenges faced in implementing recycling practices as a waste management strategy in Cameroon? 1.5 Significance of the Study The findings of this research will be valuable for policymakers at local, regional, and national levels by identifying the specific challenges communities face in implementing recycling programs. This knowledge will enable policymakers to design targeted interventions and supportive regulations that encourage recycling efforts. The study will contribute to the formulation of policies that enhance public awareness, improve recycling infrastructure, and incentivize sustainable waste management practices, thereby fostering a culture of environmental responsibility. Additionally, the research will add to academic literature on the topic and serve as a useful reference for future researchers. 1.6 Scope of the Study This study focuses on the challenges related to recycling practices as a waste management strategy in Cameroon. Empirically, it will examine the existing recycling infrastructure, assess public awareness levels, and investigate the challenges of recycling implementation. Geographically, the research is limited to Goura North Region of Cameroon. 1.7 Limitations of the Study Like many research projects, this study faced some constraints, including: Time: The researcher had limited time to complete this study due to concurrent academic responsibilities such as attending lectures and other educational commitments. Finance: The study incurred costs related to typesetting, printing, sourcing relevant materials, and data collection. Availability of Materials: There was difficulty in obtaining literature related to the subject, as resources on this specific topic are scarce, which limited the study. 1.8 Definition of Terms Recycling: The process of collecting, processing, and converting waste materials into new products to reduce waste, conserve resources, and minimize environmental pollution. This includes materials like paper, plastics, metals, glass, and organic waste. Waste Management: The organized collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of waste in ways that minimize harm to human health and the environment. Strategies include recycling, composting, incineration, and landfill use. Contamination: The mixing of non-recyclable materials with recyclables, which lowers the quality and marketability of recycled goods and increases processing costs. Public Awareness: The level of knowledge and understanding among the general public about recycling practices, including what can be recycled, how to sort materials properly, and the benefits of recycling. Infrastructure: The physical systems and facilities supporting recycling, such as collection bins, vehicles, processing plants, and transportation networks. Effective infrastructure is critical for successful recycling programs. Economic Viability: The financial sustainability of a recycling program, including costs, revenues from selling recyclables, and funding for infrastructure and education. Commodities: Recyclable materials with market value, such as paper, aluminum, glass, and plastics, whose prices vary with market demand and supply. Regulatory Framework: The collection of laws, policies, and regulations governing waste management and recycling. A supportive regulatory framework is essential to promote effective recycling initiatives..