THE IMPACT OF INSECURITY ON STATE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF IHIALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA (2010–2024)

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The quest for global peace and national development has long been a central concern for both national governments and international bodies. However, achieving global peace continues to pose a significant challenge, especially in light of the devastating impacts of war, and the ethnic and religious tensions that persist in various countries. Ensuring security is fundamental to fostering national unity, harmony, and sustainable advancement. Therefore, security continues to be a top priority in Nigeria. According to the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria, “the security and welfare of the people shall be the primary purpose of government” (Federal Government of Nigeria, 1999, as cited in Abdullahi & Oyinlola, 2020). This constitutional provision implies that the Nigerian government—whether at the federal, state, or local level—is obligated to protect the lives and property of its citizens. However, this ideal has not been fully realized, particularly in recent years. The country has experienced a dramatic rise in criminal activities that pose serious dangers to individual safety and the protection of property (Abidoye, 2021). The issue of insecurity has become a major concern in Nigeria, obstructing the nation's development efforts and aggravating socio-economic problems. Historically, Nigeria has dealt with various forms of insecurity, including civil unrest during both colonial and post-independence periods, as well as persistent ethnic and religious clashes. In recent times, these threats have evolved to include terrorism, armed banditry, kidnapping, and communal violence (Adofu & Alhasan, 2018). The root causes of Nigeria's insecurity are diverse, ranging from ineffective governance and corruption to economic inequality and the widespread availability of small arms. The government has struggled to effectively tackle these problems, primarily due to inadequate security infrastructure and the politicization of security-related issues, which have further hampered sustainable development efforts (Adedeji & Kehinde, 2017). One of the most severe forms of insecurity Nigeria faces today is terrorism, particularly in the northeastern region, where Boko Haram has been active since the early 2000s. The group's insurgency has led to widespread destruction, the displacement of millions of people, and the breakdown of critical infrastructure. The effects of this insurgency extend beyond the immediate areas of conflict, creating a nationwide security crisis, instilling fear among the population, and eroding public confidence in the government’s ability to ensure safety (Akinyemi & Olaifa, 2018). The spread of Boko Haram and its offshoots, such as the Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP), has posed serious challenges to the Nigerian military and other security institutions. Alongside terrorism, the country is grappling with a growing wave of armed banditry, especially in the northern and north-central regions. These armed groups have launched violent attacks on communities, engaging in mass kidnappings for ransom, cattle rustling, and various other criminal acts. Kidnapping for ransom has surged across the country, affecting both rural and urban areas. These security challenges have disrupted social and economic life by forcing people to flee their homes, stifling investment, and crippling livelihoods (Agbelusi, 2022). Another significant aspect of Nigeria’s insecurity is communal violence, often driven by ethnic, religious, or resource-based disputes. In particular, clashes between farmers and pastoralists over scarce resources such as land and water have led to repeated violence, especially in the Middle Belt. These violent episodes have not only resulted in numerous fatalities but have also weakened social cohesion, making the quest for national integration even more difficult (Olaniyan & Yahaya, 2016). The easy accessibility of small arms has further intensified these conflicts, empowering violent actors to operate with near impunity. The consequences of insecurity on national development are far-reaching. Economic activities have suffered greatly, as investors view Nigeria as a risky environment, leading to capital flight and reduced foreign investment. The agricultural sector—an essential source of livelihood and economic stability—has been particularly affected, as many farmers are unable to access their farmland due to security threats. This situation exacerbates food insecurity and inflation, thereby increasing poverty nationwide (Ezeoha & Ugwu, 2015). Furthermore, the displacement of people caused by these conflicts has triggered humanitarian crises, stretched government resources, and impeded long-term development planning. Issues related to governance—such as corruption, mismanagement of resources, and weak political commitment—have worsened the persistent insecurity. The misuse of funds intended for security purposes and the politicization of security appointments have undermined the efficiency of security operations. This failure in governance has deepened public distrust in the state's capacity to provide protection, thus fueling further instability (Alison, 2021). Additionally, the diversion of national resources to combat insecurity has resulted in the neglect of other critical sectors, such as education, health, and infrastructure, thereby hindering comprehensive socio-economic development. Various strategies have been adopted to address the security challenges in Nigeria, including military interventions, community policing, and collaborations with neighboring countries. However, these measures have produced mixed results, often constrained by inadequate funding, poor coordination among security forces, and the complex nature of the threats (Akinola, 2015). Effectively tackling insecurity calls for an all-encompassing approach that incorporates not just military action but also addresses the root causes—such as poverty, joblessness, and social inequality. Consequently, this study aims to explore the relationship between insecurity and state development in Nigeria, focusing specifically on Ihiala Local Government Area between 2010 and 2024. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Insecurity has evolved into a persistent problem in Nigeria, significantly undermining progress across all development sectors. The increasing occurrences of violent conflicts—such as terrorism, banditry, kidnapping, and communal violence—have disrupted economic growth initiatives, threatened social harmony, and impeded efforts toward sustainable development. These security threats have caused substantial loss of life and property, interrupted economic activities, led to business closures, and reduced investment inflow (Bright, 2018). The government’s inability to effectively manage these security challenges has raised serious concerns about the state’s capacity to ensure the welfare of its citizens. In regions like the northeastern and northwestern parts of Nigeria, terrorist groups like Boko Haram and criminal bandits continue to pose severe threats. The lack of robust security mechanisms has created a favorable environment for criminal operations, further destabilizing the already fragile economy. This situation has resulted in massive displacements, heightened poverty levels, and significant infrastructural degradation (Akinyemi & Olaifa, 2018). A direct link between insecurity and economic stagnation is evident, as insecurity discourages both local and foreign investment, hinders employment opportunities, and stalls economic diversification. Moreover, insecurity has caused a shift in government spending priorities, diverting substantial resources to security-related expenditures instead of developmental projects. This reallocation has led to reduced funding for essential sectors such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure, which are crucial for human development and economic growth (Bamgbose, 2022). The continued prevalence of insecurity remains a major obstacle to sustainable development in Nigeria. Thus, this study seeks to examine the nexus between insecurity and state development in Nigeria, using Ihiala Local Government as a case study from 2010 to 2024. 1.3 Objectives of the Study The general objective of this study is to examine the relationship between insecurity and state development in Nigeria, with specific reference to Ihiala Local Government Area from 2010 to 2024. The specific objectives are to: i. Identify the causes of insecurity in Ihiala LGA from 2010 to 2024. ii. Assess the impact of insecurity on the socioeconomic development of Ihiala LGA from 2010 to 2024. iii. Examine the effect of insecurity on agricultural productivity and food security in Ihiala LGA from 2010 to 2024. iv. Analyze the effect of insecurity on the state of social infrastructure in Ihiala LGA from 2010 to 2024. v. Recommend strategies to improve security measures implemented by the government and other relevant stakeholders. 1.4 Research Questions The following research questions will guide this study: i. What are the underlying causes of insecurity in Ihiala LGA from 2010 to 2024? ii. How has insecurity affected the socioeconomic development of Ihiala LGA within the same period? iii. In what ways has insecurity impacted agricultural productivity and food security in Ihiala LGA from 2010 to 2024? iv. What effects has insecurity had on social infrastructure systems in Ihiala LGA from 2010 to 2024? v. What strategies can be implemented by the government and other stakeholders to enhance security in Ihiala LGA? 1.5 Scope of the Study This research is focused on exploring the link between insecurity and state development in Nigeria, specifically in Ihiala Local Government Area from 2010 to 2024. It delves into various forms of insecurity—including terrorism, banditry, communal clashes, kidnappings, and politically motivated violence—and their influence on economic growth, social infrastructure, and governance systems. The study will empirically investigate the root causes of insecurity in Ihiala LGA, assess its socioeconomic implications, analyze its impact on agricultural output and food security, evaluate its effects on social infrastructure, and suggest strategies for improving security efforts. Geographically, the study is limited to Ihiala LGA in Anambra State. 1.6 Significance of the Study Practical Significance: This study will offer practical insights and recommendations beneficial to security agencies, development partners, and civil society organizations engaged in enhancing security across Nigeria. By stressing the importance of a multidimensional approach—including community policing, conflict mediation, and socioeconomic reforms—the research will provide actionable guidance for reducing insecurity and promoting peace, stability, and sustainable national growth. Policy Significance: The study's findings will be valuable to policymakers by offering a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between insecurity and national development. Identifying the root causes and impacts of insecurity across sectors will aid in crafting more effective and inclusive policies. These insights can support the development of well-rounded strategies that blend security operations with socioeconomic interventions for holistic national advancement. Academic Significance: The study will enrich academic literature on the subject, contribute to library resources, and serve as a reference for future researchers interested in the dynamics of insecurity and development in Nigeria. 1.7 Definition of Terms Insecurity: Refers to a condition characterized by vulnerability to harm, danger, or instability. In the Nigerian context, it includes terrorism, armed robbery, kidnapping, communal clashes, and various violent acts that threaten individuals, communities, and the state at large. State Development: The process through which governmental institutions strive to improve the economic, political, and social wellbeing of the populace. In Nigeria, this includes efforts aimed at boosting infrastructure, education, healthcare, economic performance, and public services. Nigeria: A West African country known for its ethnic and cultural diversity as well as its natural resource wealth, particularly oil. It continues to face multiple security challenges that have a profound impact on its developmental progress. Terrorism: The unlawful application of force or threats, typically against civilians, in pursuit of political, religious, or ideological objectives. In the Nigerian context, groups like Boko Haram and ISWAP are key actors in such violent campaigns.