CONTRACEPTIVE AWARENESS AND UTILIZATION AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS IN TERTIARY

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study The onset of sexual activity during adolescence is widely acknowledged as a common experience among young people, as noted by Skolnik (2012). Frost, Henshaw, and Sonfield (2010) attributed the increasing incidence of sexual activity among youths to early physical maturation, the influence of modern societal norms, and heightened awareness of sexuality. Furthermore, the World Health Organization (WHO, 2012) observed that exposure to sexually explicit content through television, literature, magazines, films, and music contributes significantly to the erosion of sexual morality and promotes early engagement in sexual practices, including the use of contraceptives. A particularly concerning outcome of the low rate of contraceptive use among young females in developing nations is the estimated two million adolescent girls who undergo unsafe abortions each year (Schneider, 2011). In the Nigerian context, contraceptive use among young females remains significantly low (Okonofua, 2010). Arowojolu and Adekunle (2004) reported that in the Western and Southern regions of Nigeria, only about 30 percent of sexually active females use contraceptives— a figure that pales in comparison to the 80 percent usage rate observed among youths in developed countries (Okpani & Okpani, 2002). Moreover, it has been documented that over 610,000 Nigerian women procure abortions annually, with approximately one-third of these women being students enrolled in tertiary institutions (Odebede, 2004). Falola (2005) even reported an incident involving the abandonment of a newborn in a female hostel at the Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria. Given the numerous risks associated with unprotected sexual activity, it would be expected that young women—particularly female university students—would adopt effective contraceptive measures to safeguard themselves against such hazards. To address these challenges, the Nigerian government has, across all levels, instituted family planning units in hospitals and universities, trained healthcare workers, and supplied the necessary infrastructure and equipment to ensure accessible contraceptive services for women. Despite these commendable efforts, young women—including female students in universities across South-South Nigeria—appear to exhibit suboptimal contraceptive behaviors. These behaviors may be influenced by several factors, including age, place of residence, academic level, drug use patterns, and more. Consequently, empirical investigation is required to examine the extent to which these variables impact contraceptive use. 1.2 Statement of the Problem A noticeable rise in the use of various contraceptive methods among young females has been observed (Teresa, 2005), despite considerable differences in the effectiveness, safety, side effects, contraindications, and accessibility of these options. With such a wide range of contraceptive methods available, medical professionals must exercise particular caution in ensuring that each method is suitable for the individual patient. It is imperative that health practitioners verify that clients seeking contraceptive services are well-informed about their options and possess the capacity to make informed choices. In most cases, the selection of a contraceptive method is tailored to the individual’s age, needs, and personal profile. Therefore, individuals or couples should be given the opportunity to choose the method that best suits their circumstances. An ideal contraceptive method would be completely effective, entirely safe, universally accessible, free from side effects, easily reversible, and user-friendly (Simiyu, 2009). Additionally, it would not interfere with sexual activity and would require minimal to no clinical support. However, in recent years, the emergence of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and heightened awareness of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have significantly influenced contraceptive choices and preferences. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the implementation of innovative and effective programs that provide young people with comprehensive sexual health education and access to appropriate health services. Against this backdrop, the current study seeks to examine the use of contraceptives among female students at the University of Uyo. 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The broad objective of this study is to examine Contraceptive Awareness and Utilization Among Female Students in Tertiary. Other specific objectives of the study includes: i.          To assess the attitudes of female student toward use of contraceptives among in University of Uyo. ii.        To determine the pattern or prevalence  use of contraceptives among female student in University of Uyo. iii.      To investigate purpose of contraceptives usage among female student in University of Uyo. iv.      To identify barriers that militate against correct and consistent use of contraceptives among female student in University of Uyo. 1.4       RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research is guided by the following research questions: i.          What is the attitudes of female student toward use of contraceptives among in University of Uyo? ii.        What is the pattern or prevalence  use of contraceptives among female student in University of Uyo? iii.      What is the purpose of contraceptives usage among female student in University of Uyo? iv.      What are the barriers that militate against correct and consistent use of contraceptives among female student in University of Uyo? 1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES H0: The attitudes of female student toward the use of contraceptives is negative in University of Uyo Ha: The attitudes of female student toward the use of contraceptives is positive in University of Uyo 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide necessary information that will enhance activities and programs towards the against correct and consistent use of contraceptives. Furthermore, the findings will also be relevant to those who intend to carry out a similar research topic as it has contributed to the existing literature. Finally, the research will serve as a fuel of new reasoning and further research work on knowledge, attitude and practices of women towards family planning services, and to health science students, lecturers and the general public. 1.7       Scope of the study The scope of this study borders on Contraceptive Awareness and Utilization Among Female Students in Tertiary University of Uyo.The study will further discuss attitude, pattern, purpose and factors militating against the correct use of contraceptives. 1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY Like in every human endeavour, the researchers encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. The significant constraint was the scanty literature on the subject owing that it is a new discourse thus the researcher incurred more financial expenses and much time was required in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the process of data collection, which is why the researcher resorted to a limited choice of sample size covering only female students in University of U Thus findings of this study cannot be used for generalization for universities in other  States within Nigeria. Additionally, the researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work will impede maximum devotion to the research. Howbeit, despite the constraint  encountered during the  research, all factors were downplayed in other to give the best and make the research successful. 1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS Contraceptives: Devices, medications, or methods used to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting the fertilization of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg. Common types include oral contraceptives (birth control pills), condoms, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and hormonal implants. Contraceptive Use: The practice of utilizing contraceptive methods to avoid unintended pregnancies. This can involve regular or occasional use, depending on individual choices and circumstances. Female Students: Refers to young women enrolled in educational institutions, particularly in secondary schools, colleges, or universities. In this context, the focus is on their reproductive health and behaviors regarding contraceptive practices. Sexual and Reproductive Health: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system, including the ability to have a responsible, satisfying, and safe sexual life, and access to effective methods of contraception. Unintended Pregnancy: A pregnancy that is either mistimed, unplanned, or unwanted at the time of conception. Contraceptive use plays a key role in reducing the risk of unintended pregnancies. Reproductive Behavior: The actions and decisions related to reproduction, including contraceptive use, sexual activity, and decisions about pregnancy and childbirth.