AN EVALUATION OF THE 2023 MILITARY COUP IN THE NIGER REPUBLIC: KEY DETAILS AND ECOWAS’ RESPONSE

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study The military coup that occurred in Niger Republic in 2023 marked a significant turning point in West African political history, with profound implications for the region’s stability and governance. This event highlights the complex nature of regional responses to political crises and underscores the ongoing challenges faced in strengthening democracy within West Africa. In reaction to the political upheaval in Niger, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) played a crucial role, reaffirming its commitment to upholding democratic principles and maintaining regional peace. The political landscape of Niger was dramatically altered at the end of July 2023 when General Abdourahamane Tchiani led a military faction to overthrow President Mohamed Bazoum’s democratically elected government. The coup was driven by growing dissatisfaction within the military over several issues, including alleged corruption, political instability, and poor economic management (BBC, 2023). The coup leaders justified their actions by arguing that they aimed to address widespread grievances and restore national stability. Historically, Niger has experienced multiple coups since gaining independence from France in 1960. Factors such as persistent poverty, systemic corruption, and the government’s failure to effectively counter Islamist terrorist groups operating in the Sahel region were major contributors to the 2023 coup (Al Jazeera, 2023). This political event also reflects broader regional dynamics, including the spillover effects of unrest in neighboring countries like Burkina Faso and Mali, both of which have also experienced coups in recent years. The international community strongly condemned the coup immediately after it occurred, although domestic opinions were divided. While some feared a return to authoritarian rule and heightened instability, others supported the coup, hoping it might bring about necessary change (The Guardian, 2023). Besides suspending the constitution and causing the collapse of government institutions, the coup created a power vacuum and raised uncertainty about Niger’s political future. ECOWAS promptly condemned the coup and demanded an immediate restoration of constitutional order. Known for its efforts to promote regional integration and peace, ECOWAS has historically opposed unconstitutional changes in government. In response, the organization imposed economic sanctions on Niger and warned of further actions if the coup leaders refused to reinstate the ousted president (Reuters, 2023). ECOWAS also sent high-level delegations to engage in diplomatic talks with the coup leaders, seeking a balanced approach that combined sanctions with dialogue. This approach reflects ECOWAS’s broader strategy of addressing political crises through a mix of punitive measures and mediation (Africanews, 2023). The 2023 Niger coup will have significant implications across West Africa, questioning the effectiveness of regional and international systems in deterring military takeovers and promoting democratic governance. It also underscores the persistent challenges in tackling governance issues, economic hardships, and security threats that frequently fuel political instability in the region (Council on Foreign Relations, 2023). The Niger crisis and ECOWAS’s reaction illustrate the intricate relationship between domestic grievances and regional stability. The swift condemnation and sanctions imposed by ECOWAS show its dedication to democratic ideals, while its diplomatic efforts emphasize the importance of mediation in resolving political disputes. The situation poses a critical test for West Africa’s ability to manage political crises and maintain democratic stability. Consequently, this study focuses on the 2023 Niger Republic military takeover and the response of ECOWAS. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The 2023 military coup in Niger presents a multifaceted challenge involving national governance, regional stability, and the role of international organizations such as ECOWAS in managing political crises. This section explores the complexities and issues arising from the coup and ECOWAS’s response. The coup represents a serious setback for Niger’s democracy, which has faced persistent political turmoil since independence. The military overthrow of President Mohamed Bazoum casts doubt on the resilience of democratic institutions amid internal unrest and external pressures (BBC, 2023). This incident highlights how fragile democracy remains in Niger, where military interventions have repeatedly disrupted democratic progress. Located in a region plagued by security challenges—including the activities of extremist Islamist groups like Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa—Niger’s stability is critical. The coup risks creating a power vacuum that extremist groups might exploit to expand their influence (Al Jazeera, 2023). Additionally, political instability worsens Niger’s existing humanitarian crisis, where many citizens face food insecurity and lack access to basic services. Economically, the coup has triggered significant consequences. ECOWAS imposed trade restrictions and froze financial transactions as part of its sanctions (Reuters, 2023). While these measures aim to pressure the coup leaders to restore constitutional order, they risk deepening the hardship faced by Niger’s already impoverished population by increasing unemployment, inflation, and deteriorating living standards. The coup’s impact extends beyond Niger’s borders, threatening regional stability by potentially encouraging military takeovers elsewhere, which would undermine efforts to promote democracy throughout West Africa. Moreover, this instability could complicate regional cooperation in addressing transnational threats such as organized crime and terrorism (Council on Foreign Relations, 2023). ECOWAS’s handling of the coup reveals the difficulties regional bodies encounter when confronted with political upheavals. Although ECOWAS acted swiftly by condemning the coup and imposing sanctions, these measures alone may not resolve the crisis. The situation’s complexity, coupled with differing interests among member states, means the organization’s ability to negotiate a peaceful settlement is essential but challenging (Africanews, 2023). Hence, this study investigates the 2023 Niger Republic military takeover and ECOWAS’s response. 1.3 Objectives of the Study The general aim of this study is to assess the 2023 Niger Republic military takeover and the response of ECOWAS. The specific objectives are: i. To examine the history and formation of ECOWAS. ii. To investigate the factual factors that led to the occurrence of the so-called justified coup d’état. iii. To assess ECOWAS’s role in restoring democratic governance in countries affected by coups. 1.4 Research Questions The study will be guided by the following questions: i. What is the history and formation of ECOWAS? ii. What are the key factors responsible for the occurrence of justified coups d’état? iii. What contributions has ECOWAS made towards restoring democratic governance in countries that have experienced coups? 1.5 Significance of the Study This study is significant for governments across West Africa, as it highlights the importance of governing with respect for human rights, creating opportunities for citizens to prosper, providing employment, and reducing corruption among political leaders—factors identified as root causes of military takeovers. Additionally, the study contributes to academic literature, enriching understanding of political crises and regional responses. 1.6 Scope of the Study The study focuses on the 2023 Niger Republic military takeover and ECOWAS’s response. Specifically, it will examine the history and formation of ECOWAS, investigate the factual causes behind coups d’état considered justified, and assess ECOWAS’s efforts in restoring democratic governance in affected countries. 1.7 Research Methodology This section outlines the approaches and methods employed to conduct the research and gather data. The study will use historical research methods combined with a descriptive approach to data collection. Information will be collected from secondary sources such as books, journal articles, magazines, internet resources, conference proceedings, and both published and unpublished articles. 1.8 Organization of the Study The study is divided into five chapters. Chapter One provides the background and general introduction, including the problem statement, study objectives, scope, and organization. Chapter Two examines the history and formation of ECOWAS. Chapter Three explores the factors contributing to the occurrence of justified coups d’état. Chapter Four assesses ECOWAS’s role in restoring democratic governance in countries affected by coups. Finally, Chapter Five summarizes the key findings, offers recommendations, and concludes the study