A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RECYCLING AS A STRATEGY FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study The issue of waste management has become a critical global concern due to the rising volume of waste generated as a result of rapid urbanisation, growing populations, and economic development. According to the World Bank, if current trends continue, global waste generation is projected to increase by 70% by the year 2050. This anticipated surge will place immense pressure on existing waste management systems (Kaza et al., 2018). For developing nations like Nigeria, managing waste is particularly challenging because of limited infrastructure, insufficient funding, and weak enforcement of regulations, all of which contribute to ineffective waste handling methods (Ogwueleka, 2022). One promising solution that has gained traction in recent years is recycling. Recycling involves converting waste materials into reusable forms, and it plays a significant role in sustainable waste management. Its advantages include reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills, conserving natural resources, and minimizing environmental harm (Al-Rumaihi et al., 2023). The growing shift towards a circular economy—which emphasizes the continual use and regeneration of materials through recycling and reuse—reflects a global movement toward environmentally responsible waste strategies (Ghisellini et al., 2016). However, the success of recycling initiatives varies from region to region. While developed countries have established comprehensive recycling systems supported by strong regulatory structures and active citizen engagement (Sahu et al., 2022), many developing countries like Nigeria struggle with serious setbacks. These include low levels of public awareness, poor infrastructure, and limited governmental support, which lead to the continued reliance on traditional waste disposal methods such as landfilling and open burning (Ogwueleka, 2022). Cameroon faces similar problems. The country’s waste management system is marked by inefficiency and environmental risks, especially in urban centres where waste accumulation is rapidly increasing. It is estimated that Cameroon generates nearly 15 million tonnes of waste each year, yet only a small fraction is properly managed through recycling or other sustainable techniques (Adewale, 2021). The consequences of this include severe environmental degradation, such as water pollution, air contamination, and widespread illegal dumping (Adewale, 2021). As a result, this study aims to explore the use of recycling as a viable and effective method of waste management in Cameroon. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Urbanisation, industrial growth, and population increase have made waste management an increasingly urgent challenge in modern societies. Traditional methods of waste disposal like landfilling and incineration are no longer sustainable and pose serious threats to public health and the environment (Al-Rumaihi et al., 2023). Landfills can cause soil and water contamination, while incineration releases harmful emissions into the atmosphere, worsening air pollution and contributing to climate change (Sahu et al., 2022). Recycling offers a potential alternative to these conventional disposal techniques. By converting waste into useful resources, recycling can reduce landfill use, conserve essential natural materials, and lower greenhouse gas emissions (Kaza et al., 2018). However, the success of recycling programs differs significantly across countries and regions, often due to issues like inadequate infrastructure, a lack of public understanding, and insufficient policy support (Ghisellini et al., 2016). In Cameroon, recycling as a method of managing waste remains underutilised. Many communities still depend heavily on outdated and environmentally harmful waste practices (Ogwueleka, 2022). There is a pressing need to understand how well recycling initiatives are functioning in Cameroonian cities, especially given the scale of the country’s waste problem. Yet, there is a lack of detailed research assessing the current state of recycling efforts and their effectiveness. This study therefore seeks to fill that gap by examining the use of recycling as a means of effective waste management in Cameroon. 1.3 Objectives of the Study The primary aim of this research is to explore the use of recycling as an effective approach to waste management in Cameroon. The study has the following specific objectives: i. To evaluate the current level of recycling practices in Cameroon. ii. To identify the factors that influence the adoption of recycling for waste management in the country. iii. To investigate the challenges that hinder the effective implementation of recycling as a waste management strategy in Cameroon. 1.4 Research Questions To guide the investigation, the following research questions have been formulated: i. What is the current level of recycling activity in Cameroon? ii. What factors influence the use of recycling in managing waste in Cameroon? iii. What are the main challenges that affect the successful implementation of recycling as a waste management approach in Cameroon? 1.5 Significance of the Study This study holds considerable significance for several reasons. Firstly, it can provide valuable insights for policymakers seeking effective strategies to address the growing waste problem in Cameroon. By identifying the key factors that contribute to successful recycling programs, the research can inform the design of better waste management policies, reduce the volume of waste in landfills, and promote environmental sustainability. In doing so, it has the potential to lower pollution levels, preserve natural resources, and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions—contributing to broader global sustainability goals. Additionally, the study will make a meaningful academic contribution by expanding the existing body of literature on recycling and waste management. It will also serve as a useful reference for future researchers working on related topics. 1.6 Scope of the Study This research focuses specifically on the use of recycling as a practical and effective approach to waste management in Cameroon. Empirically, it will address three key areas: assessing the extent of recycling practices in the country, identifying the factors influencing recycling adoption, and examining the barriers to its effective use. Geographically, the study is limited to Cameroon’s Centre Region. 1.7 Limitations of the Study As with any research endeavour, this study encountered a few limitations: Time Constraints: The researcher had to balance academic responsibilities—such as attending lectures and completing coursework—alongside conducting the research. Financial Limitations: There were significant costs associated with the study, including expenses for printing, typesetting, data collection, and sourcing relevant literature. Limited Availability of Materials: Due to the relatively narrow focus of the study, there was a shortage of existing literature and research materials directly related to the topic, which posed a challenge during the research process. 1.8 Definition of Terms Recycling: The process of turning discarded materials into reusable products. It reduces the demand for raw materials, saves energy, and limits pollution from waste disposal. Waste Management: A structured approach to handling waste that includes collection, transportation, treatment, recycling, and final disposal, aimed at reducing environmental and health impacts. Circular Economy: An economic framework that focuses on minimising waste and promoting the continual reuse of resources, as opposed to the traditional linear model of consumption. Landfill: A site designated for waste burial. Although commonly used, landfills pose environmental risks such as soil contamination and the release of methane gas. Sustainability: The practice of maintaining ecological balance by using resources responsibly and minimizing environmental harm to ensure long-term viability. Environmental Pollution: The introduction of harmful substances into the environment, typically caused by human activities, which negatively affects air, water, and soil quality. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. These are often emitted from waste decomposition and incineration. Public Awareness: The extent to which individuals and communities understand issues such as recycling and waste management. Raising awareness is crucial for encouraging environmentally responsible behaviour.