A STUDY ON PUBLIC AWARENESS AND PERCEPTIONS OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves the partial or complete removal of external female genital organs for reasons that are not medical. This practice is a serious violation of human rights and represents a global public health challenge, affecting millions of women and girls worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2020), approximately 200 million girls and women alive today have undergone FGM in the 30 countries where this practice is most common, mainly across Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Additionally, FGM remains prevalent within immigrant communities in North America, Europe, and Australia, where cultural traditions continue to be maintained by diaspora populations (United Nations Children’s Fund [UNICEF], 2021). The continuation of FGM is deeply rooted in cultural, social, and religious beliefs that emphasize controlling female sexuality, uphold ideals of purity, and aim to preserve cultural identity. In many societies, FGM is regarded as a critical rite of passage, necessary for social acceptance and eligibility for marriage (Hernlund & Shell-Duncan, 2007). Within several African communities, women who have not undergone FGM may face social stigma, exclusion, and difficulties finding a spouse (Shell-Duncan et al., 2018). These strong cultural underpinnings make addressing the issue particularly challenging. The health consequences of FGM are both serious and multifaceted. Women and girls subjected to FGM often experience severe immediate complications, such as intense pain, heavy bleeding, and infections. Over the long term, they may suffer from chronic pain, problems with urination and menstruation, childbirth complications, and psychological trauma (El-Gibaly et al., 2020). Studies show that women who have undergone FGM face higher risks of adverse reproductive health outcomes, highlighting the urgent need for targeted public health interventions (Reed et al., 2018). Despite the harmful effects of FGM, awareness about its health risks and human rights violations remains alarmingly low in many communities. A lack of education and widespread misinformation contribute to the persistence of the practice. Research conducted in Nigeria revealed that many individuals are unaware of the dangers associated with FGM, which leads to its continued practice without understanding its consequences (Esho et al., 2018). Moreover, some community members continue to support FGM because they see it as an essential part of their cultural heritage (Yoder & Wang, 2018). Educational efforts have proven effective in changing attitudes and reducing the prevalence of FGM. Community-based programs that raise awareness about the health risks, human rights issues, and gender equality have made progress in many areas (Toubia & Khalil, 2020). In several African countries, grassroots initiatives involving community leaders, healthcare workers, and educators have fostered dialogue and education about FGM, leading to shifts in public opinion and a decrease in the practice (Shell-Duncan et al., 2018). Given these realities, this study aims to explore the levels of public awareness and attitudes towards female genital mutilation in Cameroon. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Female genital mutilation remains a pressing public health and human rights challenge, especially in many communities across Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Despite international campaigns to eradicate the practice, many continue to perform FGM due to entrenched cultural traditions and social pressures (World Health Organization [WHO], 2020). The lack of adequate knowledge about the health risks and human rights violations associated with FGM leads to its ongoing practice. Research suggests that without proper education on the consequences of FGM, communities are less likely to abandon it (Esho et al., 2018). Additionally, perceptions of FGM as a vital cultural ritual or rite of passage can undermine efforts to eliminate it (Yoder & Wang, 2018). This study therefore focuses on investigating public awareness and attitudes regarding female genital mutilation in Cameroon. 1.3 Objectives of the Study The general goal of this study is to examine public awareness and attitudes toward female genital mutilation in Cameroon. The specific objectives include: i. To assess the level of knowledge about FGM practices in Cameroon. ii. To explore the factors influencing individuals’ beliefs and attitudes towards FGM in Cameroon. iii. To identify obstacles that prevent people from discontinuing the practice despite understanding its risks in Cameroon. iv. To recommend strategies to help eliminate the practice of FGM in Cameroon. 1.4 Research Questions To guide this study, the following questions have been formulated: i. What is the level of knowledge about the practice of FGM in Cameroon? ii. Which factors shape individuals’ attitudes and beliefs about FGM in Cameroon? iii. What barriers stop individuals from giving up FGM even when they are aware of its dangers in Cameroon? iv. What strategies can be implemented to combat FGM in Cameroon? 1.5 Significance of the Study The results of this research will provide valuable insights for policymakers by revealing public attitudes toward FGM, which is crucial for developing effective laws and regulations. Understanding public support or opposition can help shape and enforce policies designed to eradicate FGM and protect the rights of women and girls. Additionally, the study will contribute to academic knowledge by adding to existing literature, enriching library resources, and offering a foundation for future research on the subject. 1.6 Scope of the Study This research focuses specifically on public awareness and attitudes towards female genital mutilation in Cameroon. It will empirically assess the level of knowledge about FGM, explore the factors influencing people’s beliefs and attitudes, identify the barriers to abandoning the practice despite risk awareness, and suggest strategies to fight FGM. Geographically, the study is confined to residents of Maroua, Cameroon. 1.7 Limitations of the Study As with most research projects, this study encountered some limitations, including: Time constraints: The researcher had limited time to conduct this study alongside other academic responsibilities such as attending lectures and completing educational requirements. Financial constraints: Costs related to printing, sourcing relevant materials, and data collection posed financial challenges. Availability of materials: The researcher faced difficulties finding adequate literature on the subject, partly due to the sensitive and specialized nature of the topic. 1.8 Definition of Terms Female Genital Mutilation (FGM): This refers to all procedures involving the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injuries to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It is recognized as a human rights violation with no health benefits (World Health Organization, 2020). Awareness: The extent of knowledge or understanding an individual has about a particular issue. In this study, it refers to how much people know about FGM, its effects, and the health risks involved. Attitude: A psychological tendency expressed by evaluating an entity with some level of favor or disfavor. Here, it refers to people’s beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies toward FGM, whether they support or oppose it. Cultural Practices: Traditional customs and behaviors characteristic of a community or society, which influence individuals’ beliefs and actions, including those related to FGM. Public Health: The science and art of preventing disease, extending life, and promoting health through organized efforts by society, organizations, and individuals. Public health aims to improve population health and reduce disparities. Human Rights: The fundamental rights and freedoms to which every person is entitled from birth until death, including the right to life, liberty, education, and health. These rights are critical in addressing practices like FGM that affect the well-being of women and girls.